The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) is the primary federal agency responsible for protecting public health by ensuring the safety, efficacy, and security of human and veterinary drugs, biological products, medical devices, the nation’s food supply, cosmetics, and products that emit radiation[1]. Established in its modern form in 1930, the FDA traces its origins to the Bureau of Chemistry within the U.S. Department of Agriculture, which began investigating food and drug adulteration in the late 19th century[3][4]. The agency’s regulatory authority was significantly expanded with the passage of the Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906, which prohibited the adulteration and misbranding of food and drugs in interstate commerce[1][3][5]. A pivotal moment in the FDA’s history was the 1938 Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, which introduced mandatory pre-market review of new drugs and established standards for food labeling[2]. The agency’s authority was further strengthened by the Kefauver-Harris Amendment in 1962, which required drug manufacturers to provide evidence of both safety and efficacy before approval[2]. These legislative milestones transformed the FDA into a robust regulatory body, capable of enforcing recalls and setting national standards for product safety and quality. The FDA has played a critical role in several public health achievements, such as preventing the U.S. market entry of thalidomide in the early 1960s—a decision that spared American families from the drug’s devastating birth defects[2]. The agency also pioneered the Nutrition Facts label in the 1990s, empowering consumers with clearer information about the foods they purchase[2]. Today, the FDA remains a cornerstone of consumer protection, overseeing a vast array of products that account for about 20 cents of every dollar spent by U.S. consumers[1]. Its responsibilities include reviewing new medical products, monitoring food safety, regulating tobacco products, and responding to emerging health threats such as the opioid crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic. In recent years, the FDA has faced challenges balancing rapid medical innovation with rigorous safety standards, particularly in the approval of vaccines and treatments during public health emergencies. The agency continues to adapt to scientific advances and evolving public health needs, maintaining its central role in safeguarding the health and well-being of the American public[1].